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FIG. 4. Generation of ATP by transport and proton-consuming decarboxylation. The movement of glutamate (Glu^2-) ions into the cell, glutamate decarboxylation, and extrusion of GABA ions (GABA^-), the movement of malate (Mal^2-) ions into the cell, malate decarboxylation, and extrusion of lactate (Lac^-) ions (L. lactis), and the movement of citrate (HCit^2-) ions into the cell, oxaloacetate decarboxylation, and extrusion of Lac ions (Lac^-) (L. lactis) all create an electrogenic potential. These decarboxylation reactions and the consumption of a proton increase the alkalinity of the cytoplasm. Three cycles of decarboxylation and antiport create a PMF sufficient for the synthesis of ATP via the F₁F₀-ATPase. Ace^-, acetate; Oxace^2-, oxaloacetate; Pyr, pyruvate.

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